What changes the answer the most
The reports point to three gating questions: license status, SQL Agent usage, and whether any databases exceed the Express 10 GB limit. This page expands those decision points without adding noise.
Decision tree (plain language)
- Do you have Software Assurance? If yes, Azure Hybrid Benefit usually wins on SQL Server price.
- Do you need SQL Agent? If yes, avoid Express and prefer Managed Instance or SQL Server on VM.
- Are any databases above 10 GB? If yes, avoid Express for production.
- Can apps tolerate migration changes? If yes, PostgreSQL offers the best long term cost.
Enterprise Edition check
Often not needed
- Workload is small and low write.
- Most databases are well under 10 GB.
- Standard Edition typically handles this profile.
Validate
- Check for online index operations.
- Check for partitioning or advanced HA features.
- List SQL Agent jobs and their schedules.
SQL Agent impact
When Agent matters
- Nightly ETL or report jobs.
- DB maintenance plans.
- Scheduled stored procedures.
Alternatives if no Agent
- External schedulers like Azure Automation or cron.
- App-level scheduling.
Managed vs BYOL (operations)
| Area | Managed SQL | BYOL on VM |
|---|---|---|
| Patching | Provider handled | Team handled |
| Backups | Automated | Manual scripts |
| Availability | Built in options | Self managed |
| Monthly effort | Low | 4 to 8 hours |
Why consolidation is recommended
- 28 small databases share idle time well.
- Elastic pools reduce base instance cost duplication.
- Single backup policy and monitoring surface.